Leadbeaterin-1

Progenitors

Name

Chrysochromulina leadbeateri

Vector Species

No vector species registered

References

Wang et al., 2024

Identification of leadbeaterins as the probable ichthyotoxins in Chrysochromulina leadbeateri using LC-HRMS, chemical fractionation, and gill cell assays of culture extracts.

Wang et al., 2026

Structure of toxin, identification of esterified precursors, preparation of reference material, quantitative analysis, toxin quota, quantitative toxicity in gill cell assay

Structure

Formula

C67H127ClO27

Exact mono-isotopic mass

1398.82533

Molfile

See Chem Files

Alternative molfiles

n/a

SMILES

ClC(CC(O)CC(O)CCCC(O)CC(C)C(O)C(O)CC(O)C(C)(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)CCC(C)C(C)C(O)C(O)C[C@]1([H])[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@](C(O)CCC(C(O)C(O)[C@@]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)([H])O[C@]2([H])C(O)C(O)/C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCC)=C)([H])O1)CC(O)CCO

Alternative SMILES

n/a

InChi key

GDAGMDHPHBEZBY-MMQFHRNUSA-N

Alternative InChi keys

n/a

InChi

InChI=1S/C67H127ClO27/c1-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-22-44(74)54(83)64-61(90)58(87)62(91)65(95-64)59(88)52(81)36(3)24-26-46(76)63-60(89)57(86)56(85)49(94-63)33-47(77)53(82)38(5)35(2)23-25-45(75)55(84)66(92)67(6,93)50(79)34-48(78)51(80)37(4)29-40(70)20-19-21-41(71)32-43(73)31-39(68)30-42(72)27-28-69/h18,22,35,37-66,69-93H,3,7-17,19-21,23-34H2,1-2,4-6H3/b22-18+/t35?,37?,38?,39?,40?,41?,42?,43?,44?,45?,46?,47?,48?,49-,50?,51?,52?,53?,54?,55?,56-,57-,58-,59?,60+,61+,62+,63-,64-,65-,66?,67?/m1/s1

Alternative InChis

Spectra available

True

Chem files

chemfiles/Leadbeaterin-1.cdxml chemfiles/Leadbeaterin-1.mol

References

Wang et al., 2026

NMR and LC-HRMS structure elucidation of leadbeaterin-1, including NMR and mass spectra. Stereochemistry remains incompletely defined.

Certified

False

Certified links

n/a

Non certified reference material

True

Chemical analysis

Research

True

Standardized

False

Validated

False

Official

n/a

Structure recognition assays

Research

False

Standardized

False

Validated

Unknown

Official

n/a

Functional assays

Research

True

Standardized

True

Validated

Unknown

Official

n/a

Animal assays

Research

False

Standardized

False

Validated

False

Official

n/a

Regulatory status

False

Human toxic syndrome(s)

n/a

Organ system toxicity

n/a

Risk assessment

Unknown

Molecular targets known

Unknown

Molecular targets

n/a

Toxic to aquatic animals

True

TEF available

Unknown

Notes

Fish-killing toxin that damages gills. Toxin and analogues associated with mass mortalities of aquaculture salmon in northern Norway in 2019 and 2025.

Christopher Miles

Contact